Psychological view on Homosexuality

Jerr · Nov 4, 2007

I typed this out of my effen psyc book and it took me a damn long time to do it. I thought it would be quite useful.

Just note... if you wish to quote and reply... don't quote the whole effen thing... just delete all except for the quoted area you are referring to.

Sexual Orientation

What does current research tell us about why some people are attracted to members of their own sex and others are attracted to members of the other sex?

To motivate is to energize and direct behavior. So far, we have considered the energizing of sexual motivation but not its direction. We express the direction of our sexual interest in our sexual orientation---our enduring sexual attraction toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). Cultures vary in their attitudes toward homosexuality. But as far as we know, all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual (Bullough, 1990). Whether a culture condemns or accepts homosexuality, heterosexuality prevails and homosexuality survives
Gay men and lesbians often recall childhood play preferences like those of the other sex (Bailey & Zucker, 1995). But most homosexual people report not becoming aware of same-sex attraction until during or shortly after puberty, and not thinking of themselves as gay or lesbian until around age 20 (Garnets & Kimmel, 1990).

In one British survey, of the 18,876 people contacted, 1 percent were reportedly asexual, having "never felt sexually attracted to anyone at all" (Bogaert, 2004).

Sexual Orientation Statistics

How many people are exclusively homosexual? About 10 percent, as the popular press has often assumed? A little more than 20 percent, as an average Americans estimated in a 2002 Gallup survey (Robinson, 2002)? Not according to more than a dozen national surveys in the early 1990s, which explored sexual orientation in Europe and the United States, using methods that protected the respondent's anonymity. The most accurate figure seems to be about 3 or 4 percent of men and 1 or 2 percent of women (Laumann & others, 1994: National Center for Health Statistics, 1991: Smith, 1998). Estimates derived from the sex of unmarried partners reported in the 2000 U.S. Census suggests that 2.5 percent of the population is gay or lesbian (Thurman, 2002). Fewer than 1 percent of survey respondents---for example, 12 our of 7076 Dutch adults in one recent survey (Sandfort & others, 2001)---reportedly being actively bisexual. A larger number of adults in that study reported having had an isolated homosexual experience. And most people report having had an occasional homosexual fantasy. Health experts find it helpful to know sexual statistics, but numbers do not decide issues of human rights.

Studies indicate that men who describe themselves as bisexual tend to respond like homosexual men: they typically have genital arousal to same-sex erotic stimuli (Rieger & others, 2005).

What does it feel like to be homosexual in a heterosexual culture? If you are heterosexual, one way to understand is to imagine how you would feel if you were ostracized or fired for openly admitting or displaying your feelings toward someone of the other sex; if you overheard people making crude jokes about heterosexual people if most movies, TV shows, and advertisements portrayed (or implied) homosexuality and if your family members were pleading with you to change your heterosexual life-style and to enter into a homosexual marriage.
Facing such reactions, homosexual people often struggle with their sexual orientation. They may at first try to ignore or deny their desires, hoping they will go away. But they don't. Then they may try to change, through psychotherapy, willpower, or prayer. But the feelings typically persist, as do those of heterosexual people---who are similarly incapable of becoming homosexual (Haldeman, 1994, 2002; Myers & Scanzoni, 2005). Most people are one way, some the other. A very few are truly ambidextrous. Regardless, the way one is endures.

Personal values affect sexual orientation less than they affect other forms of sexual behavior. Compared with people who rarely attend religious services, for example, those who attend regularly are one-third as likely to have cohabited before marriage, and they report having had many fewer sex partners. But (if male) they are just as likely to be homosexual (Smith, 1998).

Women's sexual orientation tends to be less strongly felt and potentially more fluid and changeable than men's (Diamond, 2000, 2003; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). Men's lesser sexual variability is apparent in many ways, notes Roy Baumeister (2000). Across time, across cultures, across situations, and across differing levels of education religiosity, and peer influence, adult women's sexual drive and interests are more flexible and varying than are adult men's. Women, more than men, for example, prefer to alternate periods of high sexual activity with periods of almost none, and are somewhat more likely than men to feel bisexual attractions. Baumeister calls this phenomenon the gender difference in erotic plasticity.
Gays and lesbians suffer elevated rates of depression and risk of suicide attempts, which researchers suspect result from their experiences with bullying, harassment, and discrimination (Sandfort & others, 2001; Warner & others, 2004). Most people, whether straight or gay, accept their orientation---by electing celibacy, by engaging in promiscuous sex (a choice more commonly made by gay men that by lesbian women), or by entering into a committed, long-term love relationship (a choice more often made by lesbians than by gays) (Kulkin & others, 2000; Peplau, 1982; Remafedi, 1999; Weinberg & Williams, 1974). Mental health professionals are now more accepting of clients' sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association dropped homosexuality from its list of "mental illnesses" in 1973, as did the World Health Organizations in 1993, and Japan's and China's psychiatric associations in 1995 and 2001.

Origins of Sexual Orientation

If our sexual orientation is indeed something we do not choose and seemingly cannot change, then where do these preferences---heterosexual or homosexual---come from? See if you can anticipate the consensus that has emerged from hundreds of research studies by responding yes or no to the following questions:

1.Is homosexuality linked with problems in a child's relationships with parents, such as with domineering mother and an ineffectual father, or a possessive mother and a hostile father?

2.Does homosexuality involve a fear or hatred of people of the other gender, leading individuals to direct their sexual desires toward members of their own sex?

3.Is sexual orientation linked with levels of sex hormones currently in the blood?

4.As children, were many homosexuals molested, seduced, or otherwise sexually victimized by an adult homosexual?

The answer to all these questions appears to be no (Storms, 1983). In interviews with nearly 1000 homosexuals and 500 heterosexuals, Kinsey Institute investigators assessed nearly every imaginable psychological cause of homosexuality---parental relationships, childhood sexual experiences, peer relationships, dating experiences (Bell & others, 1981; Hammersmith, 1982). Their findings; Homosexuals were no more likely than heterosexuals to have been smothered by maternal love, neglected by their father, or sexually abused. And consider this: If “distant fathers” were more likely to produce homosexual sons, then shouldn't boys growing up in father-absent homes more often be gay? (They are not.) And shouldn't the rising number of such homes have led to a noticeable increase in the gay population? (It has not.)

Note that the scientific question is not “What causes homosexuality?” (or “What causes heterosexuality?”) but “What causes differing sexual orientations?” In pursuit of answers, psychological science compares the backgrounds and physiology of people whose sexual orientations differ.

Homosexual people do, however, appear more often in certain populations. One study (Ludwig, 1995) of the biographies of 1004 eminent people found homosexual and bisexual people overrepresented (11 percent of the sample), especially among poets (24 percent), fiction writers (21 percent), and artists and musicians (15 percent). Men who have older brothers are also somewhat more likely to be gay, report Ray Blanchard (1997, 2001) and Anthony Bogaert (2003). Assuming the odds of homosexuality are roughly 3 percent among first sons, they rise to about 4 percent among second sons, 5 percent or a little more for third sons, and so on for each additional older brother. The reason for this curious phenomenon---the fraternal birth-order effect---is unclear. Blanchard suspects a defensive maternal immune response to foreign substances produced by male fetuses. The maternal antibodies may become stronger after each pregnancy with a male fetus and may prevent the fetus' brain from developing in a male-typical pattern Women with older sisters, and women who were womb-mates of twin brothers, exhibit no such sibling effect (Rose & others, 2002).
So, what else might influence sexual orientation? One theory proposes that people develop same-sex erotic attachments if segregated by gender at the time their sex drives matures (Storms, 1981). Indeed, gay men tend to recall going through puberty somewhat earlier, when peers are more likely to be all males (Bogaert & others, 2002). But even in tribal cultures in which homosexual behavior is expected of all boys before marriage, heterosexuality prevails (Money 1987). (As this illustrates, homosexual behavior does not always indicate a homosexual orientation.)
The bottom line from a half-century's theory and research: If there are environmental factors that influence sexual orientation, we do not yet know what they are. This reality has motivated researchers to consider more carefully the possible biological influences on orientation, including evidence of homosexuality in the animal world, and the influences of differing brain centers, genetics, and prenatal hormone exposure.

“Gay” penguins New York Aquarium penguins Wendell and Cass have company in the animal kingdom.

Same-Sex Attraction in Animals At Coney Island's New York Aquarium, Wendell and Cass spent several years as devoted same-sex partners. The Central Park Zoo penguins Silo and Roy show similar devotion. Biologists Bruce Bagermihl (1999) identifies several hundred species in which at least occasional same-sex relations have been observed. Grizzlies, gorillas, monkeys, flamingos, and owls are all on the long list. Among rams, for example, some 6 to 10 percent---to sheep-breeding ranchers, the “duds”---display same-sex attraction by shunning ewes and seeking to mount other males (Perkins & Fitzgerals, 1997). Some degree of homosexuality seems to be a natural part of the animal world.

The Brain and Sexual Orientation Researcher Simon LeVay (1991) studied sections of the hypothalamus taken from deceased heterosexual and homosexual people. As a gay scientist, LeVay wanted to do “something connected with my gay identity.” He knew he had to avoid biasing the results, so he did the study blind, without knowing which donors were gay. For nine months he peered through his microscope at cell clusters he thought might be important. Then one morning, he broke the codes: One cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men. “I was almost in a state of shock,” LeVay said (1994). “I took a walk by myself on the cliffs over the ocean. I sat for half an hour just thinking what this might mean.”
It should not surprise us that brains differ with sexual orientation. Remember our maxim: Everything psychological is simultaneously biological. But when did the brain difference begin? At conception? In the womb? During childhood or adolescence? Did experience produce the difference? Or did genes or prenatal hormones (or genes via prenatal hormones)?
LeVay does not view this neural center as a sexual orientation center; rather, he sees it as an important part of the neural pathway engaged in sexual behavior. He acknowledges that sexual behavior patterns may influence the brain's anatomy. In fish, birds, rats, and humans, brain structures vary with experience---including sexual experience, reports sex researcher Marc Breedlove (1997). But LeVay believes it more likely that brain anatomy influences sexual orientation. His hunch seems confirmed by the discovery of a similar hypothalamic difference between the 6 to 10 percent of male sheep that display same-sex attraction and the 90+ percent attracted to females (Larkin & others, 2002; Roselli & others, 2002). Moreover, repoprt University of London psychologists Qazi Rahman and Glenn Wilson (2003), “The neuroanatomical correlates of male homosexuality differentiate very early postnatally, if not prenatally.”
Responses to hormone-derived sexual scents also point to a brain difference (Savic & others, 2005). When straight women are given a whiff of a scent derived from men's sweat, their hypothalamus lights up in an area governing sexual arousal. Gay men's brains respond similarly to the men's scent. But straight men's brains show the arousal response only to a female hormone derivative. Gays and lesbians similarly differed from their straight counterparts in another study of preferences for sex-related sweat odors (Martins & others, 2005).
Laura Allen and Roger Goski (1992) also concluded that brain anatomy influences sexual orientation after discovering that a section of the anterior commissure (the fibers that, like the corpus callosum, connect right and left hemispheres) is one-third larger in homosexual men than in heterosexual men. “The emerging neuroanatomical picture,” noted Briand Gladue (1994), “is that, in some brain areas, homosexual men are more likely to have female-typical neuroanatomy than are heterosexual men.”

“Gay men simply don't have the brain cells to be attracted to women.”
Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain, 1993

Genes and Sexual Orientation There is evidence to suggest a genetic influence on sexual orientation. “First, homosexuality does appear to run in families,” note Brian Mustanski and Michael Bailey (2003). “Second, twin studies have established that genes play a substantial role in explaining individual difference in sexual orientation.” Identical twins are somewhat more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation. However, because sexual orientation differ in many identical twin pairs (especially female twins), we know that other factors besides genes are at work. And third, experimenters have, by genetic manipulations, created female fruit flies that during courtship act like males (pursuing other females) and males that act like females (Demir & Dickson, 2005). “We have shown that a single gene in the fruit fly is sufficient to determine all aspects to the flies' sexual orientation and behavior,” explained Barry Dickson (2005).
Researchers have speculated about possible reasons why “gay genes” might exist. Given that same-sex couples cannot naturally reproduce, how could such genes have survived in the human gene pool? One possible answer is kin selection. Recall from Chapter 3 the evolutionary psychology reminder that many of our genes also reside in our biological relatives. Perhaps, then, gay people's genes live on through their supporting the survival and reproductive success of their nieces, nephews, and other relatives (who also carry many of the same genes). Or perhaps maternal genetics is at work. A recent Italian study (Camperio-Ciani & others, 2004) confirms what others have found---that homosexual men have more homosexual relatives on their mother's side than on their father's. It also finds that, compared with the maternal relatives of heterosexual men, the maternal relatives of homosexual men produce more offspring. Perhaps, surmised the researchers, genes that convey a reproductive advantage in mothers and aunts somehow influence the sexual orientation of their sons and nephews.

“Studies indicate that male homosexuality is more likely to be transmitted from the mother's side of the family.”
Robert Plomin, John DeFries, Gerald McClearn, and Michael Rutter, Behavioral Genetics, 1997
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NkyJ · Nov 4, 2007

The book from which you quoted this information... could it perhaps be "PSYCHOLOGY, Seventh Edition in Modules" by David G. Myers?

24601 · Nov 4, 2007

I don't really have anything to comment on, other than thanks for the effort. I read the whole thing and enjoyed it (wouldn't it suck to type up that whole thing and get no comments?). It's nice to read something from a non-biased point of view. Reminds me of a 60-minutes I watched a while back about a lot of this stuff. As a side note/out of curiosity, are you taking a psych course because it's mandatory or because you're heading that direction for your major?

JayHew · Nov 4, 2007

Great info and many thanks Jerr. It had to take some time to do this and wish to say it is really appreciated. Information is power and this helps everyone. Good on ya.

Jerr · Nov 4, 2007

NkyJ said: ↑

The book from which you quoted this information... could it perhaps be "PSYCHOLOGY, Seventh Edition in Modules" by David G. Myers?
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It comes from a little book called "Exploring Psychology" Seventh Edition by David G. Myers. lol

24601 said: ↑

I don't really have anything to comment on, other than thanks for the effort. I read the whole thing and enjoyed it (wouldn't it suck to type up that whole thing and get no comments?). It's nice to read something from a non-biased point of view. Reminds me of a 60-minutes I watched a while back about a lot of this stuff. As a side note/out of curiosity, are you taking a psych course because it's mandatory or because you're heading that direction for your major?
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Oh... I'd have been pissed if no one commented. lol

I was taking Psyc for basics but dropped it because I hated the teacher. I kept the book though!

JayHew said: ↑

Great info and many thanks Jerr. It had to take some time to do this and wish to say it is really appreciated. Information is power and this helps everyone. Good on ya.
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Teehee. Thank you Mr. JayHew. haha Mr. JayHew is amazing. haha

NkyJ · Nov 5, 2007

Jerr said: ↑

It comes from a little book called "Exploring Psychology" Seventh Edition by David G. Myers. lol

I was taking Psyc for basics but dropped it because I hated the teacher. I kept the book though!
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I thought so... I picked up my psych book and looked at the same exact stuff. You shouldn't have dropped Psych, it's amazing.

Louise · Nov 5, 2007

Thank you Jerr. I spent weeks unsucessfully searching for answers and explications to help me come to terms with my son's homosexuality. I would have loved to come across all the information you posted in one concise block.

For what it's worth I think this should be a sticky.

There are so many newbies here, it could help them and help their families when they come out.

Again

Thank you

LorenzG1950 · Nov 5, 2007

“Gay men simply don't have the brain cells to be attracted to women.”
Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain, 1993

I love it :roflmao: . So homosexuality is really a brain deficiency, or should that be efficiency?

But thanks for typing and posting. Very useful stuff

Jim1454 · Nov 5, 2007

Thanks Jerr! I've read it too! Pretty interesting stuff.

pirateninja · Nov 5, 2007

Thank you for the effort you put in typing this out. I know I probably wouldn't have because I'm lazy. Interesting stuff! Plus, I'm now taking psychology at AS level so I know where to come to if homosexuality ever comes up.

Jerr · Nov 5, 2007

I'm going to take psyc again... just with a different teacher.

You're all welcome. lol

Technically it depends on how you view it to if it is a defect or not. One way it is because we aren't attracted to the opposite sex so through natural ways we wouldn't produce a child. Another way is we are a good thing because we won't produce children but are capable of taking care of children who have lost their families or what not and we won't help the world become over populated.

So it is all about the view you choose.

Ty · Nov 5, 2007

Well done, it really was an interesting read!

Levi · Nov 5, 2007

Blatant copyright violation imo. But a really interesting read.. and fuck copyright fwiw.

Jerr · Nov 5, 2007

I soooo didn't say it was my own work. lol I even put it in quotes! lol And we established which book it came from and it is properly documented! lol

Levi · Nov 5, 2007

Sorry, my post came of a bit wrong. It was meant as a stab at copyright, not you. Obviously you didn't claim it as your work, but that's besides the point of copyright I think anyway.

Torture · Nov 6, 2007

Nice read, copyright ftl.

Jerr · Nov 6, 2007

Sooo was joking back when I said what I said. lol

Man... I need to start typing "sarcasm" because yeah... I'm not rude! I promises well most the time... probably... maybe.

BlasttheCloset · Nov 8, 2007

That was an interesting read, I had not gotten much info on the actual causes, but I am wondering--does your psych book have anything about bisexuality or any sexuality except gay and straight?

NkyJ · Nov 8, 2007

I checked my book and I can't find anything on bisexuality in sexual motivation/orientation. Sorry But what I will do is look through other psychology sources to find something on it.

NkyJ · Nov 8, 2007

This is taken from the Encyclopedia of Psychology:

Bisexuality
Encyclopedia of Psychology by Dianne K. Daeg de Mott

There is no single accepted definition of bisexuality. Some define it narrowly as sexual involvement with members of both sexes concurrently (within a twelve-month period or less). Others define bisexuality more broadly as any sexual attraction to or involvement with members of both sexes at any time in one's life. However, few people qualify as bisexual in its narrow definition. A comprehensive study, "Sex in America," conducted in 1992 by the University of Chicago, found that less than 1% of either males (0.7%) or females (0.3%) had engaged in sexual activity with both males and females within the previous year. While no statistics exist on the numbers of Americans who fit the broad definition of bisexuality, estimates range from the millions to tens of millions.

Sigmund Freud believed that bisexuality was a "disposition" common to all humans. He contended that every individual has a masculine and feminine side, and that each side is heterosexually attracted to members of the opposite sex. Most people, however, according to Freud, repress one side, becoming either hetero- or homosexual. Alfred Kinsey posited a scale for human sexuality ranging from zero, representing exclusive heterosexual behavior, to six, representing exclusive homosexual behavior. Between the two poles is a spectrum of bisexual activity.

Dr. Fritz Klein, a noted psychiatrist, has expanded on Kinsey's work, creating the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid, which takes into account seven different variables and the passage of time in defining one's sexual orientation. Klein's variables provide a more detailed look at one's sexuality, examining preferences in attraction, behavior, fantasies, emotional involvement, social involvement, lifestyle, and self-identification. Klein also allows for sexual development over time, an important element missing from Kinsey's work.
Martin S. Weinberg, Colin J. Williams, and Douglas W. Pryor, in their book Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality , have developed a simplified version of Klein's grid, exploring only three, rather than seven, variables: sexual feelings, sexual activities, and romantic feelings. Sexual feelings include attraction, fantasies, arousal, etc. Sexual activities are actual behaviors such as kissing, fellatio, and intercourse. Romantic feelings are the experience of "falling in love." Self-identified bisexuals can be more or less hetero- or homosexual in each of these categories.

Some studies of fraternal and identical twins show that identical twins are more likely to be bisexual than are fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic basis for bisexual predisposition. These studies have yet to be tested adequately to be considered conclusive, however. The fact is that without a single accepted definition of bisexuality, no single conclusion can be reached concerning its origins.

Debate over why people are hetero-, homo-, or bisexual is a fairly recent phenomenon. Identification by sexual preference only began in the 19th century, and before then, it was rarely discussed. Today, however, there is tremendous pressure for a person to declare a sexual preference. The idea of bisexuality is threatening to some people because sexuality is no longer clearly defined between homosexuality and heterosexuality.

Bisexuals are often accused of being "homosexuals in disguise." As a result, they often feel confused about their sexuality. They are considered "too gay" to be straight, and "too straight" to be gay. Few resources exist to help bisexuals understand themselves. Homosexual support groups may reject them if they reveal their heterosexual sides; heterosexuals may reject them if they reveal their homosexual feelings. Many bisexuals remain in the closet, hiding their gender-encompassing feelings from others, and sometimes even from themselves. Others lead dual lives, expressing their homosexual sides with one group of friends, while reserving their heterosexual selves for a totally separate social circle.

Life, and love, can become quite complicated for a bisexual person. The pressures can be tremendous, creating a great deal of stress and pain. A 1989 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services report determined that 30% of teenage suicides occur among gay and lesbian youths, but the number of bisexual victims is unknown. Fortunately, however, a movement has begun in recent years to promote a greater acceptance and understanding of bisexuality. More studies are being done specifically on bisexuality or that include bisexuality as a distinct category.

Unfortunately, concern over the spread of AIDS has caused another backlash against bisexuality, based on the assumption that all bisexuals are promiscuous. Most bisexuals are monogamous for all or part of their lives, and those who engage in promiscuous behavior are not necessarily at greater risk of contracting AIDS. It has been suggested that of women who contract AIDS through sexual intercourse, only 10-20% were infected by bisexual males.

Further Reading
For Your Information
• Bass, Ellen, and Kate Kaufman. Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth--and Their Allies. New York: HarperPerennial, 1996.
• D'Augelli, Anthony R., and Charlotte J. Patterson. Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities Over the Lifespan: Psychological Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
• Ehrenreich, Barbara. "The Gap Between Gay and Straight." Time 141, no. 19 (May 10, 1993): 76.
• Garber, Marjorie. Vice Versa: Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
• Gelman, David. "Tune In, Come Out." Newsweek 122, no. 19 (November 8, 1993): 70-71.
• Hutchins, Loraine, and Lani Kaahumanu, eds. Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out. Boston: Alyson Publications, 1991.
• Klein, Fritz, M.D. The Bisexual Option, 2nd ed. New York: The Haworth Press, 1993.
• Leland, John. "Bisexuality." Newsweek 126, no. 3 (July 17, 1995): 44-50.
• Rose, Sharon, et al. Bisexual Horizons: Politics, Histories, Lives. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1996.
• Weinberg, Martin S., Colin J. Williams, and Douglas W. Pryor. Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed. Gale Group, 2001.
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